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Indian termination was the policy of the United States from the mid-1940s to the mid-1960s. It was shaped by a series of laws and policies with the intent of assimilating Native Americans into mainstream American society. Assimilation was not new. The belief that indigenous people should abandon their traditional lives and become "civilized" had been the basis of policy for centuries. But what was new was the sense of urgency, that with or without consent, tribes must be terminated and begin to live "as Americans". To that end, Congress set about ending the special relationship between tribes and the federal government. The intention was to grant Native Americans all the rights and privileges of citizenship, reduce their dependence on a bureaucracy whose mismanagement had been documented, and eliminate the expense of providing services for native people. In practical terms, the policy ended the U.S. government's recognition of sovereignty of tribes, trusteeship over Indian reservations, and exclusion of state law applicability to native persons. From the government's perspective Native Americans were to become taxpaying citizens, subject to state and federal taxes as well as laws, from which they had previously been exempt.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=U.S. House of Representatives Resolution 108, 83rd Congress, 1953. (U.S. Statutes at Large, 67: B132.) )〕 From the native standpoint, Northern Cheyenne former U.S. Senator from Colorado Ben Nighthorse Campbell said of assimilation and termination in a speech delivered in Montana: These cross-purposes, termination and preservation of native identity, collided after World War II, survived through the anti-collectivism era of Joseph McCarthy, finally unraveled in The Sixties and ultimately led to the decades of Native American self-determination. == Process == Termination began with a series of legislations aimed at dismantling tribal sovereignty. From June, 1940 until September, 1950, six laws were passed giving states criminal or limited-criminal jurisdiction over tribes and reservations within those states. In 1949, the Hoover Commission Report recommending integration of native peoples into mainstream society, and the 1952 House Report (HR No. 2503) investigating the Bureau of Indian Affairs all couched the effects of termination as cost effective and benign, stirring up momentum. The House concurrent resolution 108 of 1953 announced the federal policy of termination and called for the immediate ending of the Federal relationship with a selected group of tribes.〔Wilkinson, Charles. ''Blood Struggle: The Rise of Modern Indian Nations'. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2005 〕 The resolution established that Congress would pass termination acts on a tribe by tribe basis. Most such acts included the cessation of federal recognition and all the federal aid that came along with that designation. From 1953-1964, the government terminated recognition of more than 100 tribes and bands as sovereign dependent nations. The population of Native Americans who gave up tribal affiliation totaled over 12,000 Native Americans or 3% of the total Native American population. Approximately of trust land was removed from protected status during these years. Much was sold by individuals to non-Natives.〔Wilkins, David E., ''American Indian Politics and the American Political System'', 2nd Edition (Rowman and Littlefield, 2006) ISBN 978-0-7425-5346-0〕 The termination of these tribes ended federal government guardianship of and recognition of those tribal governments and over jurisdiction of tribal lands.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Council of Indian Nations reaches out to Native American communities that lack medical facilities, stores, electricity, and water. - Council of Indian Nations )〕 In addition to ending the tribal rights as sovereign nations, the policy terminated federal support of most of the health care and education programs, utility services, and police and fire fighting departments available to Indians on reservations. Given the considerable geographic isolation of many reservations and inherent economic problems, not many tribes had the funds to continue such services after termination was implemented. The tribes initially selected for termination had been considered groups who were the most successful in the United States, in some cases, because of natural resources controlled by their reservations.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Termination and Restoration )〕 A few tribes were able to fight legal battles in an effort, with success for some, to maintain tribal government and the trust relationship with the federal government. Through the Indian Claims Commission, tribes had the ability to file claims against the government for breaches of treaty or grievances. The five year dead-line for making a claim, August, 1951, caused many tribes to file in the months preceding the end of the registration period. In some instances, pending claims cases with complex legal issues worked in favor of the tribes and prevented termination, while in others, it allowed tribes to be taken advantage of by government agents and their associates. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Indian termination policy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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